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A generic Telco cloud is an hybrid multi-cloud. A better designation would be a federation of clouds - a Federated Telco Cloud (FTC):

• a collection of cooperating, interoperable autonomous component clouds

• the component clouds perform their local operations (internal requests) while also participating in the federation and responding to other component clouds (external requests)
  
  • the component clouds are autonomous in terms of, for example, execution autonomy
  • execution autonomy is the ability of a component cloud to decide the order in which internal and external requests are performed
• the component clouds are loosely coupled where no control is imposed by some central component of the federated system
• the component clouds are likely to differ in, for example, infrastructure resources and their cloud platform software
• workloads may be distributed on single or multiple clouds, where the clouds may be colocated or geographically distributed

In this section we will further explore the characteristics of the hybrid multi-federated cloud, architecture and architecture building blocks that constitute the hybrid multi-the  federated cloud. For example, an  enterprise cloud FTC that consists of 4 sub-clouds: Private on prem, Cloud Vendor provided on prem, Private outsourced (Commercial Cloud Provider such as an HCP), and Public outsourced (see diagram below). Such an implementation of an enterprise cloud FTC allows for mix'n'match of price points, flexibility in market positioning and time to market, capacity with the objective of attaining near "unlimited" capacity, scaling within a sub-cloud or through bursting across sub-clouds, access to "local" capacity near user base, and access to specialised services.

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The Figure below presents a visualisation of a Federated Telco operator cloud (or simply, Telco cloud) with clouds and cloud components distributed across Regional Data Centers, Metro locations (such as Central Office or a Colocation site) and at the Edge, that are interconnected using a partial mesh network. Please note that at the Regional center level the interconnections are likely to be a "fuller" mesh while being a sparser mesh at the Edges.

• The Telco Operator may own and/or have partnerships and network connections to utilize multiple Clouds
  
  • for network services, IT workloads, external subscribers
  • On Prem Private
    
    • Open source; Operator or Vendor deployed and managed  | OpenStack or Kubernetes based
    • Vendor developed; Operator or Vendor deployed and managed  | Examples: Azure on Prem, VMWare, Packet, Nokia, Ericsson, etc.
  • On Prem Public: Commercial Cloud service hosted at Operator location but for both Operator and Public use | Example: AWS Wavelength
  • Outsourced Private: hosting outsourced; hosting can be at a Commercial Cloud Service | Examples: Equinix, AWS, etc.
  • (Outsourced) Public: Commercial Cloud Service | Examples: AWS, Azure, VMWare, etc.
  • Multiple different Clouds can be co-located in the same physical location and may share some of the physical infrastructure (for example, racks)

• Each Federated Telco Cloud (FTC) consists of multiple interconnected Regions
• A Telco Cloud An FTC Region may connect to multiple regions of another Telco Cloud another FTC (large capacity networks)
• A Telco Cloud An FTC also consists of interconnected local/metro sites (multiple possible scenarios)
• A Telco CloudAn FTC's local site may connect to multiple Regions within that Telco Cloud that FTC or another Telco CloudFTC
• An FTC A Telco Cloud also consists of a large number of interconnected edge nodes
• Edge nodes may be impermanent
• A Telco CloudAn FTC's Edge node may connect to multiple local sites within that Telco Cloud that FTC or another Telco CloudFTC; an Edge node may rarely connect to an Telco Cloud an FTC Region

Telco Operator Platform Conceptual Architecture

The Figure below shows a conceptual  conceptual Telco Operator Platform Architecture. The Cloud Infrastructure Resources Layer exposes virtualised (including containerised) resources on the physical infrastructure resources and also consists of various virtualisation and management software (see details later in this chapter). The Cloud Platform Components Layer makes available both elementary and composite objects for use by application and service developers, and for use by Services during runtime.  The Cloud Services Layer exposes the Services and Applications that are available to the Users; some of the Services and Applications may be sourced from or execute on other cloud platforms. Please note that while the architecture is shown as a set of layers, this is not an isolation mechanism and, thus, for example, Users may access the Cloud Infrastructure Resources directly without interacting with a Broker.

The Cloud Services and the Cloud Resources Brokers provide value-added services in addition to the fundamental capabilities like service and resource discovery.  These Brokers are critical for a multi-cloud environment to function and utilise cloud specific plgins plugins to perform the necessary activities. These Brokers can, for example, provision and manage environments with resources and services for Machine Learning (ML) services, Augmented/Virtual Reality, or specific industries. 

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