(RM Chapter 3 new section on Edge Computing w/o OpenStack specifics)
Alt: RM Chapter08 – PR #2118 | Please make your comments on the PR and not here.
X.1 Introduction
Chapter 3(https://github.com/cntt-n/CNTT/blob/master/doc/ref_model/chapters/chapter01.md) of this document focuses on cloud infrastructure abstractions. While these are generic abstractions they and the associated capabilities are specified for data center or a colocation center cloud infrastructure. The environmental conditions, facility and other constraints, and the variability of deployments on the edge are significantly different and, thus, requires separate consideration.
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A generic Telco cloud is an hybrid multi-cloud or a Federated cloud that has deployments in large data centers, central offices or colocation facilities, and the edge. In this chapter we will discuss the characteristics of Telco Edge and hybrid multi-cloud.
X.2 Telco Edge Cloud
This section presents the characteristics and capabilities of different Edge cloud deployment locations, infrastructure, footprint, etc.
X.2.1 Telco Edge Cloud Deployment Environment Characteristics
Telco Edge Cloud (TEC) deployment locations can be environmentally friendly such as indoors (offices, buildings, etc.) or environmentally challenged such as outdoors (near network radios, curbside, etc.) or environmentally harsh environments (factories, noise, chemical, heat and electromagnetic exposure, etc). Some of the more salient characteristics are captured in Table X.1.
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| Facility Type | Environmental Characteristics | Capabilities | Physical Security | Implications | Deployment Locations | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmentally friendly | Indoors: typical commercial or residential structures | Protected Safe for common infrastructure | Easy access to continuous electric power High/Medium bandwidth Fixed and/or wireless network access | Controlled Access | Commodotised infrastructure with no or minimal need for hardening/ruggedisation Operational benefits for installation and maintenance | Indoor venues: homes, shops, offices, stationary and secure cabinets Data centers, central offices, co-location facilities, Vendor premises, Customer premises | |
| Environmentally challenged | Outdoors and/or exposed to environmentally harsh conditions | maybe unprotected Exposure to abnormal levels of noise, vibration, heat, chemical, electromagnetic pollution | May only have battery power Low/Medium bandwidth Fixed and/or mobile network access | No or minimal access control | Expensive ruggedisation Operationally complex | Example locations: curbside, near cellular radios, |
X.2.2 Telco Edge Cloud Infrastructure Characteristics
Commodity hardware is only suited for environmentally friendly environments. Commodity hardware have standardised designs and form factors. Cloud deployments in data centers typically use such commodity hardware with standardised configurations resulting in operational benefits for procurement, installation and ongoing operations.
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At the edge, the infrastructure may further include ruggedised hardware for harsh environments and hardware with different form factors.
X.2.3 Telco Edge Cloud Infrastructure Profiles
The Reference Model (https://github.com/cntt-n/CNTT/blob/master/doc/ref_model/chapters/chapter04.md#4.2.4) specifies two infrastructure profiles:
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Table X.2. Characteristics of Infrastructure nodes
| Reference | Feature | Description | As Specified in RM Chapter 05 | Exception for Edge | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic Type | Network Intensive | Basic Type | Network Intensive | |||
| infra.stg.cfg.003 | Storage with replication | N | Y | N | Optional | |
| infra.stg.cfg.004 | Storage with encryption | Y | Y | N | Optional | |
| infra.hw.cpu.cfg.001 | Minimum Number of CPU sockets | This determines the minimum number of CPU sockets within each host | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| infra.hw.cpu.cfg.002 | Minimum Number of cores per CPU | This determines the number of cores needed per CPU. | 20 | 20 | 2 | 2 |
| infra.hw.cpu.cfg.003 | NUMA alignment | NUMA alignment support and BIOS configured to enable NUMA | N | Y | N | Optional |
X.2.3 Telco Edge Cloud Infrastructure Characteristics
This section characterises the hardware capabilities for different edge deployments and the Platform services that run on the infrastructure. Please note, that the Platform services are containerised to save resources, and benefit from intrinsic availability and auto-scaling capabilities.
Table X.3. Characteristics of Infrastructure nodes
| Platform Services | Storage | Network Interfaces | |||||||||||
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| Identity | Image | Placement | Compute | Networking | Message Queue | DB Server | Ephemeral | Persistent Block | Persistent Object | Management | Underlay (Provider) | Overlay | |
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Workload Nodes (Compute) |
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Depending on the facility capabilities, deployments at the edge may be similar to one of the following:
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HA at edge (at least 2 edge servers): Multiple Controller and multiple workloads
X.2.4. Comparison of Edge terms from various Open Source Efforts
| Characteristics | Other Terms | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNTT Term? | Compute | Storage | Networking | RTT* | Security | Scalability | Elasticity | Resiliency | Preferred Workload Architecture | Upgrades | OpenStack | OPNFV Edge | Edge Glossary | GSMA | |
Regional Data Center (DC) Fixed | 1000's Standardised >1 CPU >20 cores/CPU | 10's EB Standardised HDD and NVMe Permanence | >100 Gbps Standardised | ~100 ms | Highly Secure | Horizontal and unlimited scaling | Rapid spin up and down | Infrastructure architected for resiliency Redundancy for FT and HA | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Central Data Center | ||||
Metro Data Centers Fixed | 10's to 100's Standardised >1 CPU >20 cores/CPU | 100's PB Standardised NVMe on PCIe Permanence | > 100 Gbps Standardised | ~10 ms | Highly Secure | Horizontal but limited scaling | Rapid spin up and down | Infrastructure architected for some level of resiliency Redundancy for limited FT and HA | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Edge Site | Large Edge | Aggregation Edge | ||
Edge Fixed / Mobile | 10's Some Variability >=1 CPU >10 cores/CPU | 100 TB Standardised NVMe on PCIe Permanence / Ephemeral | 50 Gbps Standardised | ~5 ms | Low Level of Trust | Horizontal but highly constrained scaling, if any | Rapid spin up (when possible) and down | Applications designed for resiliency against infra failures No or highly limited redundancy | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Far Edge Site | Medium Edge | Access Edge / Aggregation Edge | ||
Mini-/Micro-Edge Mobile / Fixed | 1's High Variability Harsh Environments 1 CPU >2 cores/CPU | 10's GB NVMe Ephemeral Caching | 10 Gbps Connectivity not Guaranteed | <2 ms Located in network proximity of EUD/IoT | Untrusted | Limited Vertical Scaling (resizing) | Constrained | Applications designed for resiliency against infra failures No or highly limited redundancy | Microservices based or monolithic Stateless or Stateful Hosted on Containers or VMs Subject to QoS, adaptive to resource availability, viz. reduce resource consumption as they saturate | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: ? Platform SW: ? | Fog Computing (Mostly deprecated terminology) Extreme Edge Far Edge | Small Edge | Access Edge | ||
*RTT: Round Trip Times
EUD: End User Devices
IoT: Internet of Things
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Edge deployment scenarios
Cloud Infrastructure (CI) deployment environment for different edge deployments:
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External (curb-side, proximity to radio site, etc.)
SDN Networking support on Edge
Comparison of Edge terms from various Open Source Efforts
| Characteristics | Other Terms | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CNTT Term? | Compute | Storage | Networking | RTT* | Security | Scalability | Elasticity | Resiliency | Preferred Workload Architecture | Upgrades | OpenStack | OPNFV Edge | Edge Glossary | GSMA | |
Regional Data Center (DC) Fixed | 1000's Standardised >1 CPU >20 cores/CPU | 10's EB Standardised HDD and NVMe Permanence | >100 Gbps Standardised | ~100 ms | Highly Secure | Horizontal and unlimited scaling | Rapid spin up and down | Infrastructure architected for resiliency Redundancy for FT and HA | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Central Data Center | ||||
Metro Data Centers Fixed | 10's to 100's Standardised >1 CPU >20 cores/CPU | 100's PB Standardised NVMe on PCIe Permanence | > 100 Gbps Standardised | ~10 ms | Highly Secure | Horizontal but limited scaling | Rapid spin up and down | Infrastructure architected for some level of resiliency Redundancy for limited FT and HA | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Edge Site | Large Edge | Aggregation Edge | ||
Edge Fixed / Mobile | 10's Some Variability >=1 CPU >10 cores/CPU | 100 TB Standardised NVMe on PCIe Permanence / Ephemeral | 50 Gbps Standardised | ~5 ms | Low Level of Trust | Horizontal but highly constrained scaling, if any | Rapid spin up (when possible) and down | Applications designed for resiliency against infra failures No or highly limited redundancy | Microservices based Stateless Hosted on Containers | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: When required Platform SW: CD | Far Edge Site | Medium Edge | Access Edge / Aggregation Edge | ||
Mini-/Micro-Edge Mobile / Fixed | 1's High Variability Harsh Environments 1 CPU >2 cores/CPU | 10's GB NVMe Ephemeral Caching | 10 Gbps Connectivity not Guaranteed | <2 ms Located in network proximity of EUD/IoT | Untrusted | Limited Vertical Scaling (resizing) | Constrained | Applications designed for resiliency against infra failures No or highly limited redundancy | Microservices based or monolithic Stateless or Stateful Hosted on Containers or VMs Subject to QoS, adaptive to resource availability, viz. reduce resource consumption as they saturate | HW Refresh: ? Firmware: ? Platform SW: ? | Fog Computing (Mostly deprecated terminology) Extreme Edge Far Edge | Small Edge | Access Edge | ||
*RTT: Round Trip Times
EUD: End User Devices
IoT: Internet of Things